GUEST BLOGGER JO MANNING ON THE PEASANTS' REVOLT OF 1381

New Plaque at Smithfields Market commemorates Wat Tyler, John Ball, and the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381

by Guest Blogger Jo Manning
Smithfield Market in London
For me, as an avid student of English history, the Peasants’ Revolt of late spring/early summer of 1381, which began in Essex, was every bit as significant an event as the Magna Carta was in 1215, more than a century earlier.
Unlike those behind the Magna Carta, those revolting were poor folk, peasants who were still laboring under the harshness of serfdom and poor economic conditions.  The Black Death had ended just 35 years before; the perennial war against the French was going badly, and, guess what, the poor were to have levied against them a Poll Tax.
Such behavior on the part of the French aristocrats was to turn out very badly for them centuries hence, but this was still only the 14th century…and it was England. Anger against the Poll Tax soon turned into demands that all men deserved more freedom, equal treatment under the law, and a more equitable distribution of wealth.

Kent joined with Essex and there began a march towards London, reaching the gates of the city on the 13th of June. The Kentish rebels were led by a man named Jack Straw; the Essex contingent was led by an ex-soldier named Wat (Walter) Tyler. The rebel army met with the 14-year-old King Richard II, but before demands were heard, the Lord Mayor of London, a William Walworth, attacked and killed Wat Tyler. The rebels were in disarray when the king stepped forth and made a promise to the peasants that he would abolish serfdom. Satisfied that a major demand had been met, the rebels returned home…only to meet death by hanging by the government soldiers who followed them, giving no quarter to anyone who’d participated in the revolt.

(Put not your faith in princes…ah, always so true!)

Another important individual associated with the rebellion was a Lollard preacher named John Ball, who had been imprisoned by the Archbishop of Canterbury and freed by the rebels. He was a staunch believer in the equality of all men and is famous for a sermon he preached that asked, “When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman?”  That quote lived on after his execution and still lives today.

What did the rebels gain? Well, no poll tax was collected for hundreds of years after and perhaps a good deal of fear was put into the mean hearts of the rich and of the church – which protected the rights of the rich – Tyler, Straw, and the murderer mayor Walworth, were immortalized and took their place in English history and mythology. The Lollards faced at least a hundred years of persecution owing to the part the priest John Ball played in the rebellion.
New plaque at Smithfield Market…
Interpretations by historians of those who took part in this rebellion against royal authority have gone back and forth over the years. Were they the vicious mob portrayed by the aristocratic chroniclers? Or were they actually the first working-class heroes in England, fighting for the rights of all? It is estimated that about 60,000 rebels (and not all of them were necessarily peasants) took part in this revolt.

Another view of the plaque

The plaque at Smithfield Market, where the confrontation between the rebels and the king took place, is considered long overdue, and welcomed by many who would rather deem it the English Rising than the Peasants’ Revolt and trace the beginnings of democracy in England to this important event.

WATERLOO: IN THE NATION OF BELGIUM TODAY

Wellington’s Headquarters, Waterloo



Gallica Belgica was the name of a Roman province in northern Gaul.  The region often called “the low countries” has been the scene of many wars, involving the French, the Habsburgs, the Austrians, the Spanish, and various Germanic peoples. Cities in the region were important trading partners of Britain across the North Sea. 


Today’s Belgium




Under Napoleon, France absorbed parts of the low countries, which were brought together as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815 in a settlement agreed at the Congress of Vienna but carried out in effect by the man who became King William I of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, a prince of the House of Orange-Nassau.

King William I of the Netherlands in Coronation Robes by Josephy Paelinck  

In 1815, King William insisted that his son, the young William, Prince of Orange, be given a leading role in the upcoming battles against Napoleon. The Duke of Wellington and his staff thought little of the military experience and capabilities of Slender Billy (who incidentally had been a suitor of Princess Charlotte of Wales — for more about her, see below). The unfortunate Prince was wounded in the battle; the Lion Mound, constructed 1820-26 at the site of the battle, is a memorial to him.

The Lion Mound, over 140 feet high
 also showing the Panorama and other buildings

The Prince of Orange went on to be King William II of the Netherlands from 1840 to his death in 1849. The southern provinces had revolted and set up the Bellgian government in 1830-31. Shortly before William II died, Holland became a constitutional monarchy, which is the form of its government today.

William, Hereditary Prince of Orange, later William II  1792-1849


In 1830-31 the southern areas of the Kingdom of the Netherlands gained independence and set up the independent nation of Belgium as a constitutional monarchy. Chosen as first King of Belgium was Leopold I, formerly Prince of Saxe-Coburg, husband of the late Princess Charlotte of Wales 

Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, King of Belgium, crowned 1831

Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796-1817),was the  daughter of the Prince Regent and his wife Caroline of Brunswick, Princess of Wales (1796-1821). The current Belgian royal family descends from Leopold and his second wife, Louise of Orleans (1812-1850), but Leopold retained important influence over British affairs.



Princess Charlotte
In 1815, Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796-1817) was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her father was the Prince of Wales, later Prince Regent and George IV after 1820. Charlotte had a difficult childhood. She became a pawn in the battles between the Prince and his wife, Caroline of Brunswick. The marriage was extremely unhappy to say the least. Charlotte eventually found a brief window of happiness when she married Leopold of Saxe Coburg Saalfeld. in May, 1816.  Sadly the young princess died in November 1817, after delivering a stillborn son, The national mourning that followed is said to have been matched only by that after the death of Princess Diana in 1997.
Memorial to Princess Charlotte of Wales, St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle


The  grieving widower, Leopold, remained in Britain and participated in some political and governmental circles. For one thing, he advocated the marriage of his sister, Princess Victoire of Saxe Coburg Saalfeld to Prince Edward, Duke of Kent.  Kent was one of several of the Prince Regent’s brothers who looked for a wife to provide another heir to the throne. Victoire was a widow herself, with two healthy children, thus a proven breeder; Edward and Victoria married in 1818.The Princess Victoria was born to the couple on May 24, 1819. Just a few months later, the Duke died in January, 1820. Thus Leopold was an important advisor to his sister and his niece, the future Queen.

Victoire, Duchess of Kent
After Victoria became Queen of Great Britain in 1837, Leopold advised her mostly from afar, and promoted the suit of his nephew, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg, who married the Queen in 1840 and fathered her nine children.
Victoria and her family 1846 by Franz Xavier Winterhalter
The Royal Family of Belgium in 20013



The town of Waterloo is a few miles south of the capital of Brussels, something now of a commuter bedroom community.  The Duke of Wellington had investigated the ground south of Waterloo, near the farm of Mont St. Jean, and chose it as the site where he would stand and repel the attacking French armies of Napoleon. Wellington spent the night before the battle in the village inn, now the Wellington Museum.



Waterloo 1815 – French guns being taken back to Brussels after the battle, 
 Wellington’s HQ on the left opposite St Joseph’s church.



St. Joseph’s church, Waterloo, completed in 1690


The battle ground was a mile or so south of Waterloo, near the farm of Mont St. Jean.

A contemporary  image of Mont St. Jean



The battlefield started as farmland, high with crops of rye and wheat, much as it is today.  Heavy rains of the night before had inundated the area, making a sea of mud into which the crops were trampled by guns, horses, and men’s feet.


Above, the battleground as it appeared when we visited in 2010.

Near the Lion Mound is a diagram of the positions of the armies in 1815

Two farms occupied the ground between the slight Ridge at Mont St. Jean and the opposing ridge before which Napoleon arrayed his troops on the morning of June 18, 1815. The smaller farm was La Haye Sainte, the largest Chateau Hougoumont.  Both are still there.

La Haye Sainte as it appears today
The Storming of La Haye Sainte by Richard Knotel
La Haye Sainte was defended by the King’s German Legion who abandoned it to the French only after their ammunition  ran out late in the day; of the original 400+ soldiers defending the farm, only about forty survived. La Haye Sainte was re-taken by the Allies late in the day as part of the final rout of the French troops.
La Haye Sainte after the Battle
Memorial to the defenders of La Haye Saint, on the outer walls of the farm
Chateau Hougoumont, after the battle in 1815
Chateau Hougoumont today, Left, the chapel, center the gardener’s house
Another view of Chateau Hougoumont
A model of Chateau Hougoumont as it might have appeared at the beginning of the battle
The chateau is still a working farm today, but the buildings were never restored after the battle and until recently simply deteriorated.  In the past few years, considerable renovations have been funded. Hougoumont was considered by the Duke of Wellington to be the key point of his defensive battle.  If it had fallen, he said, he thought the battle would have been lost.
Closing the Gate
Fierce battles raged all day around Hougoumont as the French sent wave after wave of troops to storm its thick walls. At one point they managed to get through the gates, but the British troops closed the gates and killed all the French caught inside with the exception of a young drummer boy, who was spared.
After the Battle
Print Burying the Dead by William Mudford, 1817
For an excellent collection of prints and documents related to Waterloo, visit the Wrexham Heritage site, here. 
One building that survived with relatively minor damage was the tiny chapel.  A fire inside singed the feet of the wooden crucifix that hung there, but it stayed form many years until stolen in 2011. Fortunately it was recovered and is there today. 
Today, many repairs have been made and the buildings will be further restored.  For more information on Project Hougoumont, click here.
During the ceremonies that marked the 2015 Bicentenary of the battle, a new monument to British troops was unveiled at Hougoumont, representing the defenders who so crucially closed that gate.
Prince Charles unveils the memorial, picture from the BBC
image copyright Getty Images
The pictures below were taken on the visit to the Battle of Waterloo site in 2010 made by Kristine and Victoria for the 195th anniversary.  It is easy to see why the chateau was chosen as a key strategic location to protect.  Its thick brick walls were impossible for the French troops to breach  as the Allied troops mounted their vigorous defense.
The encampment of the re-enactors of the British forces 
The British troop reenactors camped on the grounds of Hougoumont, and other than the above mod cons, lived as the defenders did in 1815.
The Waterloo battlefield and the nearby locations of the Battles of Quatre Bras and Ligny (Fleurus) are easy to visit as long as you have transportation as the distances are much too far to hike. Memorials are dotted here and there where battles were fought and won — or lost.  Personally I recommend hiring a knowledgeable guide who can explain the sequence of events and show off the relevant sites, museums, and memorials.
The Old farmhouse at Caillou, where Napoleon spent the night before the Battle of Waterloo.
Inside Caillou  is a replica of Napoleon’s bed and other remembrances
In 2010, the French re-enactors camped at Caillou


If you can travel to Waterloo and visit the other fascinations of Belgium, we highly recommend it!

THE NEWS FROM WATERLOO

Everyone who has an interest in either the Duke of Wellington or the Battle of Waterloo has heard of Henry Percy, above, the officer sent from Brussels to London on a mission to deliver Wellington’s Waterloo Despatch – the official report that would unquestionably confirm the Allied victory at Waterloo.

PERCY, HENRY (1785–1825), colonel, aide-de-camp to Sir John Moore and to Wellington, fifth son of Algernon Percy, baron Lovaine, who was created Earl of Beverley in 1790, and brother of Hugh Percy [q. v.], bishop of Carlisle, and of Vice-admiral Josceline Percy, was born on 14 Sept. 1785. He was educated at Eton, and on 16 Aug. 1804 appointed lieutenant in the 7th fusiliers. He became captain unattached 9 Oct. 1806, and captain 7th fusiliers on 6 Nov. following. He was aide-de-camp to Sir John Moore at Coruña. On 21 June 1810 he was transferred as captain to the 14th light dragoons. He was taken prisoner with a party of his regiment during the retreat from Burgos in 1812, and was detained in France until the peace. In 1815 he was appointed aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington. He brought home the Waterloo despatches, arriving post in London on the evening of 20 June with the despatches and captured eagles, and was next day made C.B., and a brevet lieutenant-colonel from 18 June 1815. He retired on half-pay in 1821, and was returned to parliament for Beeralston, Devonshire, in 1823. Once a gay, handsome young fellow, he prematurely lost his health. He died at his father’s house in Portman Square, London, 15 April 1825, in his fortieth year, and was buried in the cemetery of St. Marylebone. [Foster’s Peerage, under ‘Beverley;’ Army Lists; Gent. Mag. 1825, pt. i. p. 567.]



Percy’s ride was recently recreated for the 200th Anniversry of the Battle of Waterloo and many legends, romantic or otherwise, have arisen from the Duchess of Richmond’s Ball, the Battle of Waterloo and Percy’s famous ride. Below you’ll see the uniform Percy wore to the Ball, during the Battle and for the duration of his ride to London – more from the Waterloo200 website here.

“This wallet or sachet of purple silk velvet and crepe, maker unknown, is traditionally said to be a lady’s handkerchief sachet. It played a vital role after the Battle of Waterloo, as it was in this case that the Waterloo Dispatch travelled back to London from Belgium. The Dispatch, carried by Major Henry Percy, was the Duke of Wellington’s account of the battle, and was the first news received by the British government of the Allied victory. The case is photographed on Major Percy’s uniform in which he fought at Waterloo.”

What we have not heard before now are the details of Percy’s journey to London and of the many others who played a part in the delivery of the Despatch. I’ve just finished reading Brian Cathcart’s excellent account of the story behind Percy’s ride and the many ways in which the Allied victory impacted Britain, English society and Europe as a whole.

The News from Waterloo: The Race to Tell Britain of Wellington’s Victory 
by Brian Cathcart

From the publisher:

“This is a tragi-comic midsummer’s tale that begins amidst terrible carnage and weaves through a world of politics and military convention, enterprise and roguery, frustration, doubt and jealousy, to end spectacularly in the heart of Regency society at a grand soirée in St James’s Square after feverish journeys by coach and horseback, a Channel crossing delayed by falling tides and a flat calm, and a final dash by coach and four from Dover to London.


“At least five men were involved in bringing the news or parts of it to London, and their stories are fascinating. Brian Cathcart, a brilliant storyteller and historian, has visited the battlefield, travelled the messengers’ routes, and traced untapped British, French and Belgian records. This is a strikingly original perspective on a key moment in British history.”
Cathcart uses Percy’s ride as a platform to write about all manner of subjects related to Regency England – road travel, the telegraph, channel crossings, newspapers and banking, society and politics. The News From Waterloo is a vivid, entertaining read and should be a part of every Waterloo/Wellington/Regency library. 
George the IV famously promoted Percy on the spot at the Boehm residence in St. James’s Square once he’d delivered the Despatch and placed the French Eagles at the King’s feet. What is lesser known is that Wellington himself acknowledged his debt to Percy by gifting him with a Breguet pocket watch. I urge you to read the full article on the watch which can be found here. 
This is a pocket watch that belonged to Major Henry Percy, a British officer who fought at the Battle of Waterloo, and was chosen to deliver the Duke of Wellington’s dispatch back to London. Carrying news of the Allied victory at Waterloo to the British government was a vital task. In recognition of his work, the Duke of Wellington gave Major Percy this watch – made by the Parisian clockmaker Abraham-Louis Breguet, one of the most famous artisans of his time.

At the same time that Wellington bought Percy’s watch, he also purchased one for himself. Wellington had his watch fitted with an extra cover that held a minature portrait. The lady in the miniature is Marianne Patterson. You can read more here. 

 You can read the full Waterloo Despatch as it appeared in the London Gazette here. 

You’ll also find the link to Hugh Grant reading the Waterloo Despatch in the lefthand sidebar of this blog. 


THE WELLINGTON TOUR: DINNER AT THE GRENADIER

 

After spending our day steeped in All Things Wellington via visits to Apsley House, the Wellington Arch, the Tower and Horseguards, there really was no question as to how to end the day – with dinner at the Grenadier Pub, of course. 

The Grenadier 18 Wilton Row Belgrave Square Knightsbridge London SW1X 7NR

 

 

We’ve posted about the Grenadier in the past – here’s link with some good background and history. Read this post and then return here to finish reading this post about our Tour dinner. 

The Grendier is within walking distance of Apsley House and legend has it that the Pub was used as a mess by soldiers in the Duke of Wellington’s regiment, although a pub in some form has stood on the spot since 1720. 
 
The Grenadier’s military connection is not in doubt. Until 1834, Old Barrack Yard, the remnants of which run along the side of the Grenadier Pub, once formed the access road to Knightsbridge Foot Barracks, located on the site now occupied by St. Paul’s Church, Wilton Place. When the Guards moved to their current home at Wellington Barracks in Birdcage Walk, the land was donated by the owner, the Duke of Westminster, to the Diocese of London. 

 

The interior of the Grenadier is lined with Wellington, Waterloo and military memorabilia. Above the fireplace is an engraving of Wellington that is part of a series of pictures depicting the highlights of Wellington’s life. They were printed in 1852 and all feature rosewood frames. The print I have depicts Wellington in his Oxford robes as Chancellor of the University.

 

The bar area, below, is truly cozy, but they serve a variety of beer on tap, mixed cocktails and, of course several types of port.

 

 

 

The dinner itself was fabulous. I remember that much. There was soup, as you can see . . . .

 

As well as something beneath what appears to be a Yorkshire pud, along with mashed potatoes and peas and carrots.

 

 

 

 

 

Our tour group was treated like royalty by Paul Hodgett, and his excellent chef. 
 
After a lovely meal, we all took time to explore the prints, ephemera and bookshelves that line the rooms at the Grenadier. 

 

 

As in all good pubs, the ceiling at the Grenadier is lined with money stuck there by past guests. Most of it is British, but there are examples from all over the world, as well.
And finally, Kristine, Denise and Diane indulged in an taking the always flattering selfie.

 

 

Much More Wellington Tour to Come!

NAPOLEON'S FAMILY AFTER WATERLOO

NAPOLEON’S FAMILY

Marie-Louise, Duchess of Parma 1791-1847

Empress Marie-Louise (1791-1847)

Marie-Louise was the oldest child of Austrian ruler Francis I. When Napoleon chose her as his second wife in 1810, there was a lull in the continental battles between France and Austria and her allies.  The year after the wedding, Napoleon’s only legitimate son was born, Napoleon II, immediately given the title of King of Rome.



Marie-Louise was awarded the Duchy of Parma and other territories in the settlement after Napoleon’s first abdication in 1814. She fled home to Vienna with her son, never to see her husband again. The attendant on her flight, Count Adam Albert von Neipperg, later became her second husband and father of her three more children. After Neipperg’s death, her third husband was another chamberlain, Count Charles Rene de Bombelles.  Both of these men had been placed in her entourage by Metternich, perhaps to keep her occupied and away from meddling in Austrian politics?  Marie-Louise ruled as the Duchess of Parma until her death.



Napoleon II, as infant, studio of Sir Thomas Lawrence
Francois Charles Joseph Napoleon II, King of Rome, Duc de Reichstadt by Sir Thomas Lawrence
Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University


Napoleon II (1811-1832) was known in Austria as Franz, Duke of Reichstadt. He received military training and served as a cadet in the Austrian Army at a young age. However, both his grandfather, the Emperor Francis I, and Minister Metternich opposed any serious position for the heir of Bonaparte.

Franz, Duc de Reichstadt, 1811-1832


In 1831, the Duc de Reichstadt received a commission as head of a battalion, but he died soon thereafter of tuberculosis.  He was twenty-one years of age.



Letizia Ramolino Bonaparte 1750-1836, sculpture by Canova


Napoleon’s mother Letizia lived in Rome with her younger brother from 1815 to her death. Napoleon’s father, Carlo Maria Buonaparte, had died of stomach cancer in 1785.


Josephine de Beauharnais Bonaparte 1763-1814


The divorced first wife of Napoleon, Josephine, died in 1814 at Malmaison after walking in her famous gardens with Tsar Alexander I of Russia. Supposedly she caught a chill.

Since Napoleon II died without issue, the  Emperor of France had no direct descendants. However, the Empress Josephine is an ancestress of several current royal families, including Sweden, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, Luxembourg, and Greece, 


Eugène Rose de Beauharnais (1781–1824)


Eugène de Beauharnais was the son of Josephine and her first husband Alexandre de Beauharnais, who was guillotined in the Terror. Napoleon adopted Eugène, and appointed him to command the Italian Army, which he commanded in the Russian campaign. He led the remainder of the army out of Russia in 1813, then fought in several more battles that year. When Napoleon abdicated the first time, Eugene moved to Munich with his wife, the daughter of King Maximilian of Bavaria. He died as Duke of Leuchtenberg and Prince of Eichstatt in 1824.

Queen Josephine of Sweden (1807-1876)

Eugene’s daughter, Princess Josephine of Leuchtenberg, married Oscar Bernadotte in 1823, who became Oscar I, King of Sweden, upon the death of his father King Charles XIV, a former Napoleonic general  known as Count Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte until he was chosen as the Swedish Crown Prince in 1810.

King Oscar of Sweden (1799-1859)
Hortense Beauharnais, Queen of Holland (1783-1837)

Hortense (1783-1837), Josephine and Alexandre’s daughter, was also adopted by Napoleon.  She married Napoleon’s younger brother Louis (1778-1846), King of Holland in the years 1806-10. Their son became Napoleon III (1808-1873) Emperor of the French in the years 1852-1870. He died in exile in England in 1873.

In 1814, Hortense was created Duchess of Saint-Leu but after supporting her stepfather in the Hundred Days, she had to leave France.  She lived in Switzerland from 1817 to 1837.  Louis also lived in exile but separately from Hortense; their marriage, forced upon them, had never been a happy one.  

Napoleon III (1808-1873)

Napoleon III, Emperor of the Second French Empire, was the nephew of Napoleon I. He was born to Hortense and Louis as Louis-Napoleon.  He became president of the 2nd French Republic in 1848, then Emperor four years later. He was captured by the Prussians in 1870 and exiled to England for the rest of his life. 

Napoleon I ruled most of his siblings’ lives in regard to marriage as well as profession. His eldest brother Joseph (1768-1844) was first installed as King of Naples (1806-1808), then Napoleon demanded Joseph take over the embattled throne of Spain, from which he was driven out (1808-1813).


Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain, 1808 by Francois Gerard



Joseph lived in the U.S. from 1817 to 1832, in New Jersey, near Bordentown. He returned to Europe and died in Florence Italy in 1844.

Lucien Bonaparte (1775-1840) was the third brother, one who avoided a royal name until after Napoleon’s first restoration. Early on, he was a dedicated republican but nevertheless assisted Napoleon in gaining power.

Lucien Bonaparte by Fabre


In his later life, he was an active archaeologist. He married twice and had a total of thirteen children.

Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland

The fourth brother Louis Bonaparte (1778-1846) became the King of Holland 1806-1810(see above).


Jerome Bonaparte by Gerard


The youngest (fifth) brother to survive infancy, Jerome (1784-1860), was King of Westphalia (1807-1813). In 1803, he married Elizabeth “Betsey” Patterson (1785-1879) in Baltimore, Maryland.  

Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte 1804, triple portrait by Gilbert Stuart


Napoleon was outraged and ordered Jerome back to France to begin annulment and/or divorce proceedings.  Betsy, now pregnant, came with him and they attempted to land in France but were turned away. Jerome went to Italy to reason with his brother Joseph. Meanwhile Betsey went to England where her son, Jerome Bonaparte II was born. Betsey and Jerome never saw one another again.

Jerome considered the marriage annulled and actually married again, but Betsey continued working for a divorce from him which she was granted in Baltimore in 1815.  Betsey’s sister-in-law Marianne Caton Patterson, in a strange turn of events, later went to Europe with her Caton sisters and enjoyed an active social life. Though Marianne was admired by the Duke of Wellington, she chose to marry his elder brother, Richard, 1st Marquess Wellesley, in 1825, as his second wife. Though it was not known as a happy marriage, it endured until his death in 1842. Marianne (or Mary Ann as it is sometimes spelled) became a Lady of the Bechamber to Queen Adelaide in 1830.

Betsey lived to age 92, and died in Baltimore in 1879. Jerome Bonaparte II (1805-1870) married and had two sons, one of whom, Charles Joseph Bonaparte (1851-1921), served as U.S. Attorney General and Secretary of the Navy.

The eldest of Napoleon’s three sisters was known as Elisa (1777-1820). At various times in her life she was the Princess of Lucca nd Grand Duchess of Tuscany. She was married to a Corsican noble Felice Pasquale Baciocchi (1762-1841), who took the surname Levoy. They had four children, two of whom lived to adulthood. She preceded Napoleon in death. 

Elisa Bonaparte, Grand Duchess of Tuscany



Pauline Bonaparte, Princess Borghese, with their mother, supported her brother on Elba in his exile, also lived in Rome after 1815. She and her first husband, one of Napoleon’s generals, had one child, a son who died at age six.  

Pauline Bonaparte 


With her second husband, Prince Borghese, she had no children.  Pauline died at age 45 of tuberculosis.  For more on her life, see the wonderful report on her found on  Elizabeth Kerri Mahon’s blog, here. 

Caroline Bonaparte (1782-1839) was the youngest of the sisters of Napoleon who survived infancy. 

Caroline Murat and daughter, 1807,  by Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun


Caroline was married to Joachim Murat, a French general. Among other titles, she became the Queen of Naples in 1808 when her husband succeeded his brother-in-law Joseph on the throne. When Murat declared for Napoleon during the hundred days in 1815, he was deposed and executed. Calling herself Countess of Lipona. she lived in Austria and married again in 1830.

Of her four children with Murat, the eldest, Achille Charles Louis Napoleon Murat (1801-1847) lived in the United States, Florida in particular, where he died without issue.

Current head of the House of Bonaparte is Charles, Prince Bonaparte, b. 1950, who lives in France. He is a descendant of Jerome Bonaparte.

June, 2015 
Descendants of the three commanders shake hands at the Waterloo battlefield. L-R, 9th Duke of Wellington, Prince Charles Bonaparte, and Prince Blucher von Wahlstatt, observing the bicentenary of the great battle and remembering the thousands who died.



And finally there is Jean-Christope Bonaparte, Napoleon’s great-great-great-great-nephew through his brother Jerome and who apparently got his looks from the Canova statue of Napoleon. His father is seen in the photo above. A number of the crowned heads of Europe consider Jean-Christophe to be Head of the former Imperial House of France and heir to Napoleon’s legacy.