Author: Louisa Cornell

BUT NOT IF THEY WERE WELSH!

 

Accusations of witchcraft across Europe for several centuries resulted in the persecutions, imprisonments, torture and executions of hundreds to thousands of people, most of them women. There were an estimated 1000 executions in England, and between 3,000 and 4,000 killings in Scotland.  However, oddly enough, only five people were hanged for witchcraft in Wales. Why?

After all, Welsh court records dating from the 16th century, held at the National Library of Wales, show that suspicions and verbal accusations of witchcraft like those seen across the rest of Britain and Europe were common in Wales. They also happened under similar circumstances where accusations often followed an argument, or a request for charity which was denied.

The records indicate bitter arguments between neighbors and family members often precipitated these accusations. Horses were killed, cattle were bewitched, pigs perished, men and women were injured, there were miscarriages and even murders in these accusations. Their accusers were neighbors, relatives, and in many cases, people with financial and personal reasons to make such accusations. However, if a case came to court, juries usually found the accused not guilty. Again, we ask Why?

Actually, there were a couple of very good reasons.

First of all, Wales was considered a land of magic, enchantment, superstition, and connection to the supernatural long after the rest of Britain had become enlightened. People from the rest of England, both the wealthy and aristocratic and the poor and uneducated, often went to Wales looking for consultations with enchanters and soothsayers and healers.

Wise women, cunning folk and soothsayers, were highly regarded in Wales, using magic to perform important services for the community. They were often the only physicians available in entire counties. Their knowledge of herbal medicine and folk remedies was unsurpassed in Britain. They served as midwives, arbitrated arguments, advised on animal husbandry and crop plantings, and performed myriad other services through the simple witchcraft of centuries of knowledge passed down from mother to daughter.

Women in Wales even looked like witches. They tended to dress in long, heavy woolen skirts, aprons, blouses and large woolen shawls. Most village women brewed mead and ale. They let their community know that there was ale for sale by placing some form of signage outside their cottages. The most popular and well-remembered of these signs was a broomstick.

 

 

 

There is speculation among some researchers that the traditional tall, black hat of the Welsh woman served as inspiration for the wide-brimmed hat of the fairy tale witch.

Another good reason was the adherence of the Welsh to unreformed religion long after the Church of England was established and made the faith of Britain. The Welsh preferred to worship within the household in ways that mimicked Catholic practices.  They believed in prayer rather than doctrine. There is evidence that many people continued to seek the aid of charmers instead of the church. Elizabethan and Stuart politicians frequently spoke about the religious ignorance in Wales.

Priests were asked to create curses in the form of prayers. People consulted wise women to offer prayers that melded the Catholic faith with old Celtic practices. Many in Britain considered Wales a country steeped in darkness due to their adherence to so many of the old ways.

A charm attributed to Gwen ferch Ellis, the first woman to be hanged for witchcraft in Wales, included the words “Enw’r Tad, y Mab, a’r Ysbryd Duw glân a’r tair Mair” (translated as “the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit of God, and the three Marys”.) These charms were never really meant to cause harm, but only to ward off evil.

A third, and most fascinating reason was the power of language, the Welsh language, to be more specific. When witch hunts came to Wales in the form of witch hunters appointed by Parliament like Matthew Hopkins (c. 1620 – 12 August 1647)  they had a number of strikes against them. In addition to the attitudes of the people who were judges and made up juries when it came to witchcraft none of the witch hunters spoke or read Welsh.

Evidence in many of these cases consisted of people hearing supposed spells and being able to speak them back to the witch hunter to be written down. Any writings of the accused witch be they recipes or books of herbal medicine were seized, but they proved useless because none of the English or Scot witch hunters could read them. Needless to say any Welsh-speaking individuals asked to translate pleaded ignorance of what was written. No sense in taking chances when it came to crossing a Welsh woman, just in case!

 

 

IN MEMORY OF THE THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE, MOSTLY WOMEN, MURDERED FOR THE SUPPOSED CRIME OF WITCHCRAFT ALL OVER THE WORLD TO THIS DAY.

AND IN HONOR OF THESE FIVE MARTYRS TO WELSH TRADITION

BENDIGEDIG FYDDO

1594

Gwen ferch Ellis, of Bettws, Denbighshire

1622

Rhydderch ap Evan, a yeoman, Caernarvonshire,

Lowri ferch Evan, Caernarvonshire

Widow Agnes ferch Evan,  Caernarvonshire

1655

Margaret ferch Richard,  Anglesey

LOUISA CORNELL

Ghost stories abound from one end of England to the other. Whether born of local legend or eyewitness accounts, a country with so long and an often violent history should not be looked at askance when the subject of ghost stories and other supernatural occurrences come up.

However, there are some very specific tales of ghosts and beasties indigenous to England’s coast that served a very specific purpose. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the business of nearly every inhabitant of every village along the coasts of Cornwall, Devon, Essex, and Kent was in some way connected to the smuggling trade. The most important part of the trade involved making certain the movement of goods brought over from the Continent by ship made it from said ships to shore and then to their final, lucrative destination without being seen, especially by any agents of the Crown patrolling the area in search of goods smuggled into the country without benefit of the Crown collecting the appropriate taxes.

Numerous tricks and methods of subterfuge were used to make certain the transport of smuggled goods was not detected. But perhaps no method was more creative than the spinning of ghost stories and legendary specters meant to frighten the locals from venturing out at night, when most of this transport took place, and putting a scare into the customs men and excise riders whose job it was to stop them. Remember in this era superstition and connection to the world on the other side of the veil was not only part of the average citizen’s psyche it was also still woven into the fabric of the nation’s spiritual life.

 

 

Here are a few of those tales. Judge for yourself!

 

 

 

At Hadleigh Castle a pair of ‘phantoms’, – the White Lady and Black Man – made dramatic appearances just before a shipment of illicit liquor arrived, and duly disappeared when all the liquor had been moved away.

There is no doubt that the famous 18th century legend of ‘the Ghostly Drummer of Hurstmonceaux Castle’ in Sussex started with some enterprising smugglers and a little phosphorus!

The Saltersgate Inn, previously known as the Wagon and Horses stood in an elevated position on the moors, on what is now the main road between Pickering and Whitby, with its name thought to originate from the salting of fish which is believed to have taken place here. The name of the inn could potentially have been derived from the Yorkshire word ‘Yate’ meaning road, therefore ‘Salters Road’. It is said that one night, a customs official, on finding out that illicit trading activities were taking place at the inn, was murdered by smugglers and his body buried beneath the fireplace. It was said that if the fire was ever to stop burning, then the ghost of the murdered officer would return to haunt the inn.

The Old Bell has been around for a very long time, originally starting life as a hospice and hostel that was run by monks during the Norman conquest nearly 1000 years ago. A ghost of a middle-aged man was said to sit beside the fireplace in the dining area. Beer barrels were said to be supernaturally re-arranged in the cellar of the Bell overnight when the tavern was closed, and in the grounds of the pub the ghost of a civil war Royalist Cavalier and his horse was reported. It’s hard to not miss the fact that in some cases the stories of ghosts were actually invented by smugglers themselves to keep people away from certain buildings. And The Old Bell was known to be an overnight stop for some of the brandy and rum coming over from France.

 

 

 

 

 

The ghostly tales of the Mermaid Inn are extensive and are hardly surprising considering the history of the building. The Elizabethan chamber, also known now as Room 16, reportedly hosts two figures dueling, without making a sound. They were both armed with rapiers and they were both well dressed in hose and doublets. Eventually one was dealt a fatal thrust and appeared to die, the winner of the duel takes a nervous glance around the room before dragging the body of his opponent to a nearby tarp door and disposing of it!

Another tale tells of the room now known as The Hawkhurst Room, namesake of the Hawkhurst Gang where a man dressed as a smuggler sits on the bed in the middle of the night.

Where doesn’t have a white or grey lady story in it’s history? The Mermaid has a few different shaded ladies in residence. A lady in white is said to haunt the inn (busy place) said to walk from the single room and across to the main room of the Nutcracker Suite then straight through the door while stopped for a moment at the foot of the bed. This lady in white has been said to be the spirit of a girl who made the mistake of falling in love with one of the many smugglers of the area during the 1700’s. Apparently though she was very chatty which as we should know by now the smuggling gangs were not keen on, especially when the chat was about their business. Hardly surprising that they were said to have murdered her for talking too much. She’s said to still wander the rooms in death, forever searching for her lover. There’s also been many reports of a lady wearing white or maybe grey who is seen sitting by the fireplace in a chair in what is now Room One. Guests apparently report getting wet clothes if they leave them on this chair overnight despite the lack of windows or even pipework near the chair.

One room in the Mermaid is said to have lots of reports, apparently all around Halloween many of a rocking chair which moves of it’s own accord as the temperature of the room plunges, in fact this has been said to be so unnerving that maids would only clean this room if with a colleague. One worker reported seeing the chair rocking quickly and seeing the cushion compress as if a live person was sat on it…but invisible. Some that have stayed in the room have reported hearing someone walking around the bed but there being nobody there upon inspection.

Other Supernatural Abettors to the Smuggling Trade

A mysterious herd of horses were said to guard the smugglers’ way up from the beaches of Cornwall. Fierce horses with fiery red eyes and hooves that sparked when they touched the ground were said to appear out of the mists to anyone foolish enough to travel those paths at night, especially on stormy nights known as “smugglers’ weather.”

Several smugglers’ villages had a local hell hound who guarded the local cemetery from customs men and excise riders and anyone else foolish enough to venture there after dark. Why? Because another stop on the smuggler’s route was often the tomb of a local wealthy family where the goods might be stored until they could be divided up to be sold. Again the ferocious black dogs had red glowing eyes, fangs dripping blood, and were said to to be the size of a small bull.

 

 

 

Ghostly owls were also part of a smuggler’s arsenal to keep prying eyes from their business. As owls were often associated with witches this threat was a twofold weapon. Especially as smugglers often used owl calls to communicate with each other!

What does this all mean? These stories, often created by the smugglers themselves, were a very real and very effective deterrent to detection! Were these ghosts and apparitions real or did they have any basis in fact? That’s the question, isn’t it?

Louisa Cornell

 

A few miles from Abergavenny, in a town named Llanvihangel Crucorney, in the county of Monmouthshire, is the oldest inn of Wales. No one knows precisely how old it is, but its existence is recorded in documents from the year 1100. The inn is named The Skirrid Inn because of its view on Skirrid Mountain. Legend has it the mountain was struck by lightning and split in two the moment Jesus died at the cross.

The inn’s reputation for murder and dark deeds started early.

In 1175, the Skirrid Inn was the site of a massacre caused by William de Braose, a rather ruthless man. The right hand of the later English King John (1199), William sought revenge for the death of his uncle, Henry de Boase, who was murdered by noblemen from Wales. William invited three of them, along with a few leaders, to have dinner with him at the Skirrid Inn for Christmas. At dinner, he ordered his men to murder them. Uhm…Happy Christmas?

The Skirrid Inn was used as a courthouse for years to judge highwaymen and sheep thieves, a common practice in Britain for centuries. Eventually, the Inn was used by Judge  George Hanging Judge Jeffreys (1645-1689) the most infamous judge in Britain. A Welsh judge and Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, he was known for his cruelty and corruptions. He ordered at least 182 men to be executed at the Skirrid Inn in what is now known as the Bloody Assizes. These executions followed after the Monmouth Rebellion when a group of people tried to overthrow King James II.

At the top of the infamous oak staircase is a windowless room, thought to be a cell where the damned were held before their execution. On the first floor is a room said to be the local courthouse during the English civil war. If you dare, you can spend the night there, along with two other rooms on this level of the inn. The present owner has said: “Sometimes you go in there and you could be the happiest person in the world and come out and feel like crying.”

The rope marks on the oak beam in the stairwell are still visible. The people who were hanged at the Skirrid Inn were doubly unfortunate in that being hanged on the gallows had the advantage of an instant death. The hatch was designed to open and drop the condemned so quickly and with such force the neck would snap. At the Inn, there was no hatch. People were forced off the steps resulting in them having to suffocate to death slowly.

 

Are there ghosts, you ask?

Visitors claim to have seen apparitions at the inn. Some have claimed to have heard or felt something. The temperature is said to suddenly drop for no reason. People say they feel as if they’re being watched. Sometimes glasses are thrown all over the place. The owner claims to lose 10 to 15 glasses per week. Money occasionally flies through the inn. There are several reports of people who suddenly dropped to their knees, grabbing their throats. They said they felt as if a noose was placed around their necks. Faces are seen through the windows, even on the third floor, where no one ventures anymore. 

Fanny Price  

Fanny Price, a bartender and landlady in the early 1800’s, died in the inn’s smallest bedroom at the age of 35 of consumption. It is said she walks around the inn to this day as if she still wants to keep an eye on it. Her gravestone is visible just 300m away up the road. Before she’s seen or sensed there’s a strong smell of lavender perfume, “the kind you’d associate with your grandmother, that sort of musty, lavender smell.” (According to the current owner of the Inn.)

Henry Price, a relative of Fanny who might have been her father of perhaps her husband, also haunts the place. He has been seen marching up and down the cobbles outside the inn as if he’s a soldier. Sometimes, Henry spends time inside as well. He then scares guests by banging inside the chimney.

Other Ghosts

There is also the spirit of a man who is seen walking up the stairs. Ghosts move through the hallways and visit chambers. One guest had trouble sleeping because a spirit was spinning the toilet paper roll around in the bathroom all night. The toilet paper wasn’t unrolled, but the noise kept the poor guest wide awake. Once, a guest took his dentures off for the night and placed them on his nightstand. The next morning, he found his teeth on the other side of the room, in two perfect halves.

The surrounding woods are haunted as well. In 1700, the lord of the local manor house had an affair with a young servant girl who worked at the Skirrid Inn. His wife caught them and chased the girl into the woods. The girl’s body was found the next morning sitting against a tree, frozen to death. The woods of Abergavenny are now called the White Lady Woods as her spirit is often seen floating through the woods in a white dress.

 

For more on this fascinating place, might I suggest this interview with the current owner. Then you can decide if you want make the trip to Wales to check it out!

https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/oct/25/experience-i-own-a-haunted-pub

 

 

 

 

 

LOUISA CORNELL

The thing about taverns, also known as public houses and now known by the shortened PUB, is that much of a community’s life was lived there. Every aspect of life was celebrated at the local tavern. Every type of business, legal and illegal, was conducted there. And every sort of relationship, passionate or cold, toxic or sweet, loving or murderous was often played out in the local tavern. With so much of life taking place in these microcosms of London, one cannot be surprised that the energy –  good or bad, mad or sane, saintly or evil – has lingered long after those who lived these events and emotions are gone. Don’t believe me? The next time you are fortunate enough to be in London, stop by these locals, if you dare!

 

TOWN OF RAMSGATE

WAPPING

62 Wapping High Street

London

Should you decide to explore the alleyway to the side of the pub that leads to the Wapping Old Stairs you might encounter the local ghost, a ghost the Thames Police have reported seeing to this day. Judge George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys, (15 May 1645 – 18 April 1689) rose to prominence during the reign of James II. He became Lord Chief Justice and eventually Lord Chancellor. His loyalty to the king was without question. However, after Monmouth’s Rebellion in 1685 he was sent to the West Country to conduct the trials of those rebels who participated in the rebellion. He gained a reputation for his abuse of the attorneys of the accused, his sometimes biased application of the law and his tendency to hand out death sentences like drinks at a political rally. He became the most feared and hated judge in England.

After James II fled England and William and Mary ascended the throne, Jeffreys waited to long to follow his king to the Continent. In 1688 he disguised himself as a sailor, shaved his distinctive bushy brows, and waited at the Town of Ramsgate to catch a ship. Unfortunately, a victim of his cruelty – either an accused rebel or an attorney for same recognized the judge. He was captured by a mob at the Town of Ramsgate and narrowly missed being hanged at the top of the Wapping Stairs. He was taken to the Tower of London and died there of kidney failure in 1689.

It is said his ghost can be seen leaving the pub and trying to take the stairs down to the docks to meet the ship he missed, ever looking over his shoulder in search of the angry mob that captured him so long ago.

 

THE COCKPIT

BLACKFRIARS

7 St. Andrew’s Hill

London

As with all tales of gambling and blood sports, it is rumored The Cockpit is visited from time to time by the ghost of a lady who is seen wringing her hands over her lack of money because of her husband’s gambling debts. The story is she made the mistake of following him to The Cockpit to prevent him from placing yet another bet. Unfortunately the man was in serious need of anger management. He supposedly beat her to death in the cellar of the pub or in the alley just outside the cellar doors and went back to the cockfight as if nothing had happened. On dark and quiet nights one is said to be able to hear their final confrontation and to catch the poor lady bemoaning her fate.

 

THE SPANIARDS INN

HAMPSTEAD HEATH                             

Spaniards Road

London

Why yes, there are several associated with the Spaniards. One is cautioned not to walk across the Heath from Kenwood House to the inn, especially at night, as one might be overtaken by Dick Turpin and Black Bess as they race for their favorite safe house. Sometimes, if one stands in front of the inn late at night and listens carefully one will Black Bess’s hoof beats on the road. Some even claim to have seen her in the car park on moonlit nights. Of course, the ghost of Juan Porero, killed by his brother in a duel over a woman and buried in the inn’s garden, is said to haunt the tavern as well. The ghost of a devious local money lender named Black Dick, run down by a coach in the inn yard, is said to tug the sleeves of patrons drinking at the bar. And a woman in a flowing white gown is said to have been seen crossing Hampstead Heath to come to the inn in search of her lover, a highwayman who never arrived for their last assignation.

 

THE GOLDEN LION

ST. JAMES

23 King Street – London

The Golden Lion comes with its own ghost, a barmaid murdered there in the early 19th century is said to prowl the stairs to the theatre bar in search of her murderer.

 

THE RISING SUN                  

CITY OF LONDON

38 Cloth Fair – London

Close to Smithfield Meat Market, The Rising Sun dates back to the early 17th century, when it was originally called the Starre Tavern. Around 200 years later the pub acquired a rather grisly history. This was the time of ‘body-snatching’ when there was a market for fresh bodies for dissection and medical research. Once all the graves had been depleted, to fill the demand for bodies the body-snatchers turned their attention to real-life victims. People began disappearing from local taverns – where they were drugged and then later murdered – and it’s said that two men, John Bishop and Thomas Williams, earmarked innocent drinkers at the Rising Sun and other nearby pubs, perhaps due to their proximity to St Bartholomew’s Hospital. Indeed, the evil pair are said to have sold up to 1000 bodies to anatomists. Little surprise, therefore, that The Rising Sun is no stranger to the supernatural, with employees hearing the sound of running footsteps and feeling ghostly presences. While two employees who lived above the pub have said that a spirit would regularly pull the duvet off their bed, one former landlady felt an icy-cold hand run down her back when she was showering.

 

THE HOOP AND TOY

SOUTH KENSINGTON

34 Thurloe Place

London

The oldest tavern in Kensington, dating back some 500 years. When the nearby tube station was being built, while boring a tunnel, construction workers accidentally unearthed the pub’s cellar which was found to contain the bound bodies of several dead priests. It’s said they woke these souls and since that fateful day, phantom priests have been spotted around the pub, especially on the stairs, which they’re said to be using as an alternative route back to their places of worship.

 

THE FLASK

HIGHGATE

77 Highgate West Hill

London

The Flask dates back to 1663 It also boasts not one but two ghosts: a Spanish barmaid who hanged herself in the pub’s cellar (now a seating area) over unrequited love, and a man in Cavalier uniform who likes to appear in the main bar every now and then. Staff and patrons have reported glasses moving of their own accord, lights swaying without explanation and temperature drops. To add to its grisly past, the pub’s Committee Room is said to have witnessed one of the first ever autopsies, performed during the days of grave-robbing from Highgate Cemetery.

 

THE WORLD’S END

CAMDEN

174 Camden High Street

London

This pub has been a North London landmark for hundred of years. Though there are records of a tavern in the area as early as 1690, it wasn’t until the late 18th century that the Mother Red Cap (as the pub was formerly known) Legend has it that the pub is on the site of a cottage belonging to the witch Old Mother Red Cap (hence its former name). Known to practice black magic, it’s said that when she died, the devil entered her home and never left. Though no apparitions have been seen, shrieks have been heard from down below, though these could also be from the torture chambers and gallows allegedly once located in the basement.

The dark hauntings said to happen in The World’s End can possibly be traced back to a local woman, Jennie Bingham, or as she was known in the area, Mother Red Cap. Mother Red Cap, was a nickname given to a woman for one of two reasons, either as a landlord. Or, it’s more sinister reason, because a woman was a witch. And Jennie Bingham may have been both.

In life, Bingham, whose cottage stood on the site in the 17th century where the club now stands. She was known to live a life very few women would have dared to live especially in those days. She smoked, cursed like a shipwrecked sailor and reportedly had numerous lovers. Bingham, was also suspected of being in league with Lucifer and a poisoner of those she disliked. Back in the 17th century such charges could bring swift justice and the death penalty if proven.

According to legend, when Jennie Bingham was on her deathbed, Satan appeared at her bedside to collect her soul. However, it appears the devil did not get his due, as the troubled soul of Jennie Bingham is believed to haunt The World’s End.

Loud screams and blood curdling shrieks have been heard throughout The World’s End. Loud bangs and footsteps are commonly heard by staff as they open for the day or close at night. The angry wraith of Jennie Bingham has been witnessed by both staff and patrons lurking about the club. She has been known to rush those unfortunate enough to see her and scream curses into their faces.

 

THE TEN BELLS

SPITALFIELDS

Corner of Commercial Street and Fournier Street

London

The Ten Bells was a regular for a handful of Jack the Ripper’s victims before they met their gruesome end, including Annie Chapman, who was murdered after a night drinking in the pub. In an unrelated incident, one of the pub’s Victorian landlords was murdered with an axe and to this day, customers and staff claim to see his ghost wandering the upper floors.

The Battle of Waterloo took place on June 18, 1815. The actual battle lasted about nine hours. There are varying estimates of the combined death toll of all of the soldiers lost that day, but the most often quoted number is 50,000 men.

With so violent a battle and so high a cost, it is little wonder there are stories of those whose spirits never left that blood-soaked field. Interestingly enough, those of Flemish descent whose ancestors fought in the battle or whose ancestors lived in the area during the battle, are said to have an innate and often undesired ability to see the specters who return to the battlefield to relive the fight or who come in search of someone or something they left behind in death.

Local guides who give tours of the battlefield during the day often refuse to step foot there after dark. Locals who live in the area of the Hougomont farm, the museum, and the battlefield usually give the area a wide berth at night.

Some of the more well-known legends and sightings include:

A French soldier seen wandering the battlefield in the moonlight searching for his fallen comrades. More than one visitor has reported seeing him, especially near the Hougoumont Farm.

Another famous ghost is The Lady in White, thought to be the spirit of a woman who tended the wounded and dying soldiers. She is often seen near the Mont-Saint-Jean Farm which was used as a hospital during and after the battle. She is sometimes seen on the battlefield still in search of wounded soldiers to tend.

Locals often claim to hear the sounds of drums, battle cries, horses and cannon fire at midnight as if the battle never ended.

For an interesting account of a skeptic perhaps converted by his own experience check out this intriguing blog post.

http://hauntedohiobooks.com/news/a-clairvoyant-vision-of-the-battle-of-waterloo/?fbclid=IwY2xjawFi6KBleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHUnF3B__VLpBR55fVeJ4nDunczN8f6S2nxNu7jviMR-YTBjwE0DNodIjng_aem_q60beDjio8go_ga7nE2uPA

One of the items on my bucket list is to climb to the top of the Lion’s Mound at midnight and allow the profundity of that place to fill me.

I for one do not find it hard to believe a place where so much sudden and violent death took place still retains the spiritual energy so much agony and sorrow produced. As the Duke of Wellington said:

“Next to a battle lost, the greatest misery is a battle gained”

 

 

 

 

 

To immerse yourself in the non-military, military, and very human side of the Battle of Waterloo through first-hand accounts I humbly suggest our own Kristine Hughes’s book Waterloo Witnesses. The accounts she has collected, discusses, and weaves together to create a picture of the lives, loves, hopes, fears, triumphs, and tragedies of the people who actually lived this momentous point in history will allow you to see the hearts, minds, and souls that will remind us of the price of war and of the spirits of those to whom we owe so very much. Perhaps some of the very people whose personal accounts she has recorded still walk the battlefield in search of what they lost and what they gave to free the world of tyranny.

Perhaps, though, the very best words ever written about that momentous campaign are the first-person accounts recorded as events unfolded. It is these vivid accounts that Kristine Hughes has collected together in order to convey the hopes, fears and aspirations of their authors. They inject the story of the battle with a level of humanity that reclaims it from the realm of legend and restores it to the people who witnessed it.

https://www.amazon.com/Waterloo-Witnesses-Military-Civilian-Accounts/dp/1399003623